ABSTRACT
Africa is home to a multiplicity of ethnic groups and diverse nationalities. It also has some of the oldest empires and kingdoms in the world. Almost every public building had a written inscription as was in keeping with the tradition established by the African kingdoms and empires of the Nile Valley. Nubia is the name given to a region of Africa that included two important historical kingdoms: Kush and Meroe. The iron farming implements were a necessity; the use of the iron sword and spear helped to make the kingdom of Meroe invincible. The Axumite Empire had been forming for a long time before its ultimate rise to power around 220 CE. In the kingdom of Axum, the city of Adulis was the brightest jewel of the realm. Indeed, it was earlier in importance than the city of Axum itself.
