ABSTRACT
This chapter provides novice researchers familiar with the role of argument in research and the language of argument. There is just one big difference between everyday research and academic research: in everyday research, novice researchers try to find out stuff that other people already know; but, in academic research, they try and find out things that nobody knows yet. Some people think that counterarguments are unnecessary, but they actually make novice researchers' claims stronger and clearer if novice researchers use them correctly. Understanding the Toulmin model helps novice researchers to see that, even though novice researchers are using other people's ideas, there are many places where novice researchers' own voice, as writer, comes out. To make novice researchers' argument clearer and stronger, novice researchers should introduce the arguments of those who have different views than novice researchers, and then critique them.
