ABSTRACT
The implementation of international responsibility is achieved in the political and economic contexts of the donor and host countries by the actions of various actors, as has been suggested in hypothesis III. This chapter investigates which branches or departments of government have been involved in the China-Africa policy implementation process, and explores which actors have a potential impact on China 'being responsible'. It is common to see the phrase 'fragmented authoritarianism' in Chinese studies literature, which refers to the idea that 'policy made at the center becomes increasingly malleable to the parochial organizational and political goals of various vertical agencies and spatial regions charged with enforcing that policy'. China's overseas State-owned enterprises (SOEs) have to be sensitive both to general government policies and proclamations, and also to their profit motives. Developed countries widely use official development assistance (ODA) as defined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to measure international aid flows.
