ABSTRACT
The Americas are home to many feminisms such as white, Black, Native, and Latinx. Any examination of women’s participation in US movements includes the issue of slavery and treaties between the young American nation and the much older sovereign Native nations. Likewise, it includes women’s roles in abolition movements and, later, in civil rights movements. “Latin America” refers to areas of the continent and surrounding islands invaded by the Spanish as well as Brazil, invaded by the Portuguese. The Caribbean includes islands invaded by France (Haiti), England (Jamaica), Holland (Aruba), and Denmark (Virgin Islands). Since invaders brought enslaved Africans and, as in the US, raped both African and Native women, some of the peoples of Latin America are called mestizo or mixed. The International Council of Women of the Darker Races was founded in 1920. They studied women’s concerns in Haiti, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, eventually extending to China, Japan, and India.
