ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the parameters of a possible Thai shadow state and the potential for resistance by non-governmental organizations through environmental governance by deciphering the form and potential effectiveness of varying groups and organizations in Thailand. It provides a conceptual overview of underlying premisses concerning the potential existence of a shadow state, supporting Thai state interests, and the countervailing possibility for an environmental governance of resistance by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The chapter describes the historical development of Thai NGOs, tracing the importance of particular individuals and organizations in the embryonic and contemporary development of Thai non-governmental organizations and institutions. It also describes specific NGOs that focus on environmental issues, to analyse the potential for a shadow state, and its potential for supporting or resisting state and private sector interests. Finally, the chapter concludes by outlining broader conceptual issues, building on this historical context and scholarly thinking about environmental governance.
