ABSTRACT
Previous chapters have shown that regulatory controls - often referred to as 'traditional' regulatory controls - represent the essential foundation of environmental control. However, Chapter Six showed that economic instruments demand increasing amounts of attention, usually because of their merit as complementary devices in support of regulatory techniques. The present chapter seeks to bring these two major forms of environmental control together, to see their relationship in rather more detail. At the same time, the opportunity is taken to look also at other devices deployed in aid of environmental control, such as self-regulation and voluntary, negotiated agreements. Having examined the range of controls available in the environment, the status and influence of Community law and policy is addressed. Thereafter the centre of the chapter is dominated by two themes relating to regulatory controls. In the first place consideration is given to the ways in which regulatory techniques have undergone adaptation in order to deal with increasingly sophisticated challenges. Secondly, attention is given to the trends which are evident in the light of some of these foregoing developments. The chapter ends with a consideration of voluntary, negotiated agreements and their essentially complementary role in environmental control.
The Range of Controls
