This chapter addresses mitigation and adaptation through a human rights lens. It discusses mitigation through a case study of a hydropower dam in Ethiopia and its impact on indigenous peoples and agro-pastoralist groups. Climate change mitigation comprises actions to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions. The Clean Development Mechanism was established under the Kyoto Protocol. It combines two main objectives: emission reductions and sustainable development. At the same time, it provides industrialized countries with some flexibility on how to meet their binding emission reduction targets. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) can be understood as a voluntary climate mitigation approach as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It has been developed against the background that 17% of global net emissions result from deforestation and forest degradation. Under the REDD+ framework, countries that take action to reduce deforestation and forest degradation will be financially rewarded according to their achieved emission reductions.