ABSTRACT
This chapter explores masculinities across a spectrum of politicised views. Profeminists acknowledge that men’s experiences are unique and worthy of our distinct consideration while also recognising that gender biases advantage men ahead of women and non-binary/genderqueer people. These proponents recognise that the source of men’s suffering can, ironically, be located in the very systems that they have created to uphold male domination. In this chapter, we also demonstrate that despite its attempts to reconcile class divisions, socialism did not reconcile the differential value placed on gendered divisions of labour. Worse, in the pursuit of industrialisation, not only did oligarchies emerge, but Earth’s raw materials were pursued ruthlessly, and with little effective regulation. LGBTTTQQIAA-OHP (LGBTIQA+ or non-binary/genderqueer), especially gay masculinities, shed important light on the consequences of being marked and male. Through decolonisation studies, we see that men of colour and indigenous men have been subject to similar pressures as a consequence of colonisation based on race. We are also reminded that indigeneity has much to teach us about ecologisation. Men’s mythopoetry is the most ‘Earth-immersed’ of positionalities in men’s politics. Notably, this movement has done little to politicise its core tenets, tackle issues of gender and race inequity, or facilitate deep connections with Earth. Christian masculinities possess dogmatic and literal interpretations of the Bible that stand at odds with notions of Christian stewardship. Toxic/extreme interpretations of masculinities find their greatest support from men’s right activists, replete with various forms of misogyny.
