ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the acceptability of using arguments that are based in the direct-effect strategy of the grounded theory. The direct-effect and indirect-effect strategies relate to how road pricing can be used to meet urban transport policy objectives. The direct-effect strategy covers the argument that road pricing can meet policy objectives by influencing the demand for travel. Transport efficiency is about the efficient use of resources in the execution of transportation. For instance, accessibility, economic growth and environmental protection can all be included in an assessment of efficiency. However, environmental protection as an objective does differ from efficiency in that it is concerned with the quality of an environment from the perspective of a passive observer in the environment and not from the perspective of road users. From the land use pattern perspective, road pricing may be understood as discouraging traffic in one area and encouraging development in another.
