This chapter focuses on the manifestations of a radical right-wing tradition – fascism and National Socialism – in post-totalitarian Russia. This ideological phenomenon testifies to a 'westernised' interpretation of the so-called 'Russian idea', the traditional conservative ideology of counter-reform movements in Russian history. The communists and nationalists for their part, have adopted a conservative position in the spirit of the 'Russian Idea', and resist all integration plans. In the Russian parliament, the supporters of neoliberalism and democracy form a small minority, while the overwhelming majority of the deputies represent attitudes more or less close to a conservative backlash philosophy. Most of these deputies adhere to the 'Russian Idea' in its traditional interpretation, but there are also those who openly express more or less fascist or National Socialist views. Russian nationalism has demonstrated its strength in influencing the ideological climate in society as well as other political forces including the democrats in power and the communists in opposition.