ABSTRACT
Studying is a special form of reading. The way that studying differs from "ordi-nary reading" is that studying is associated with the requirement to perform identifiable cognitive and/or procedural tasks. This performance-related aspect of studying was acknowledged several decades ago by Butterweck (1926) who suggested that the one definition of studying applicable to every possible school situation is "a pupil activity of the type required to satisfy the philosophy of education held by the teacher" (p. 2). "Satisfying the philosophy of education held by the teacher" translates as meeting the criteria on tasks, such as taking a test, writing a paper, giving a speech, and conducting an experiment.
