ABSTRACT
The Great Depression exposed millions to the ravages of an unstable and unregulated but interconnected global economy in crisis, ruining lives on an unprecedented scale, especially those who lived on the margins socially and economically. In November 1931, women shielded organizers of a tax revolt in Hebron, South Africa, and chased away African constables sent to arrest them. From the Women's War in Nigeria to the rebellion and Matanza in El Salvador, the years 1929–1932 saw remarkable levels of rural insurgency and the state-directed violence and other forms of intervention they provoked. Mass joblessness and poverty during the hungry decade revitalized a distinctive form of demonstration – the hunger march. Strikes, boycotts, and other forms of industrial action convulsed much of Africa in the 1930s. The flipside to internal segregation and other responses to rural-urban migration were border controls and mass deportations, which emerged as the analog of economic protectionism.
