ABSTRACT
There are many types of ‘authoritative’ implementation instruments that are part of, and often central features of, many policy designs. All involve and rely primarily upon, the ability of governments to direct or steer targets in the directions they would prefer them to go through the use of the real or perceived threat of state-enforced sanctions. While treasure resources, discussed in Chapter 10, are often used to encourage ‘positive’ behaviour – that is, behaviour which is aligned with government goals – authoritative actions can be used for this purpose, but are often also used in a ‘negative’ sense, that is, to prevent or discourage types of behaviour which are incongruent with government expectations (Ajzen 1991).
