ABSTRACT
J. Rawls addresses the problem by distinguishing between institutional and non-institutional identity, and he formulates a liberal democratic theory of citizenship in which members have a double identity, with commitments and attachments. The concept of citizenship is neither purely legal nor exclusively sociological. Citizenship is an 'idea' that finds its expression in law. As T. Bottomore observed, formal citizenship raises issues 'concerning national identity and the historical role of nation-states as the preeminent modern form of organisation of a political community. Substantive citizenship addresses the social rights of individuals living in a community. One of the more important contributions is that of T. Hammar which focuses on the concept of 'dual citizenship' and offers a theoretical approach to the separation of functions between formal and substantive citizenship. In the liberal view, citizenship rights help to promote individual self-interested definitions of good.
