ABSTRACT
The increasing discussion of cyberwarfare would come as no surprise to anyone who has been following the news in the last decade: cyber attacks on components of US defense cyber-infrastucture, and the probable strategic, military cyberattacks by Russia on Estonia, then on Georgia, (Beaumont 2009) and (USCCU 2009), and probable attacks by China, North Korea, and Iran on US defense and economic targets. Although organized attacks from China on Google and Gmail had a corporate target, the political implications for freedom of speech made them part of a larger cyberconflict and brought a warning from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (Clinton 2010) and (Markoff 2009b). In May 2010, the US Department of Defense formed a full command, Cyber Command, headed by a simultaneously promoted four-star general, General Keith Alexander, who also continues to serve as director of
the US National Security Agency (NSA). He had earlier noted that the Chinese government has hackers - cybersoldiers - organized into battalions and regiments (Alexander 2007).
