This chapter presents discussions of

grades and grading systems. Grading is

the primary means by which the results of

municated to interested parties. It is typically seen as the culminating activity fol-

lowing a series of preceding steps (Tan-

ner, 2001). Recall that Figure 1.2 (you may

want to revisit this diagram from Chapter

1) shows the detailed relationships be-

tween tests, measurements, assessments,

Tests and other procedures yield meas-

gether, form assessments. These assess-

ments serve as the basis for evaluations,

or educational decisions. However, a cru-

cial step in this process is that the assess-

ments must be graded as the initial phase

of the evaluative decision-making process.