ABSTRACT
One of the most startling and dangerous crises that has struck Europe in the 2010s was mass migration to Europe from the Middle-East, North-and Sub-Sahara Africa, and as far away as Pakistan, Afghanistan, and even Haiti. This was an essentially unprecedented event in the millennial history of the continent. The Great Migration or “barbarian invasion” of Europe between the third and seventh centuries was estimated to have comprised a few hundred thousand tribal Germans, Franks, Vandals, Goths, Huns, and others. It more or less continued, but with much fewer numbers, until the tenth century, and in the process transformed the European continent. Settled, stable states were established, and new mass migration did not rock Europe for another millennium.
