ABSTRACT
In writing about cultures of defiance and resistance it is tempting to focus solely on the 2016 election of Donald Trump as President. The story of Trump's ascendancy tells an important story about why cultures of defiance and resistance exist. There is no firm date we can provide for the emergence of a neoliberal economic model and the politics of resentment that flowed from it, but opposition to the government stepping in to help people when the market failed them began with the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Opposition to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s was couched in a moral language. Richard M. Nixon was the Republican candidate but there was also a third-party candidate, George Wallace. Wallace, along with retired General Curtis LeMay, ran on the American Independent Party ticket and on an overtly racist states' rights platform. The issue of race and crime helped George H. W. Bush capture the White House in the 1988 election.
