ABSTRACT
This Kilwa culture in turn was preceded by a civilization represented by small trading stations only. Coins are less frequent (the earliest is of the 9th century), archi tecture of a cruder design, and building being with more primitive material. This early civilization is represented among others in two sites on Zanzibar (Unguja kuu and Kizimkazi) and perhaps San je Majoma, south of Kilwa. Altogether eight sites have been provisionally identified.
