ABSTRACT

The case studies from the middle-income states were labelled the 'sticky middle' in the introduction to this chapter reflecting the variety of cases selected from these states. The middle-income states are where the most celebrated examples of social-democratic India can be found, that is, a development model that appears to be more focused on delivering human development outcomes rather than economic growth. They are also where the research has identified three of the most successful examples of donor-supported community management programmes in India, with the chapter presenting World Bank supported initiatives in Karnataka, Kerala and Punjab. Similarly, through the West Bengal and Telangana case studies they showed the role that non-government organizations (NGOs) can play in supporting community management in difficult operating conditions. These examples are considered to reflect the flexibility of the community management model in terms of different forms of support.