ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses various types of data and data analysis procedures that appear in results sections of research studies. It examines how verbal data and numerical data are presented and analyzed. Verbal data commonly appear as selections of excerpts, narrative vignettes, quotations from interviews, and so on, whereas numerical data are often condensed into tables of frequencies, averages, and so on. One of the main goals of most qualitative studies is to extrapolate patterns and themes from the verbal data. Once the patterns and themes have been extrapolated, it seems imperative that researchers would want to compare their findings with a sample that is less extreme. A peer is someone on the same level of the researcher "who keeps the researcher honest; asks the hard questions about methods, meanings, and interpretations". In the fuller version, an if–then test is a conditional sentence in the form of if the hypothesis is true, then there should be a specific consequence.
