ABSTRACT

This chapter reviews scientific collaboration policies and their determinants and circumstances in three contexts: the United States, Europe, and China. It focuses on selected features of the American scientific collaboration policy and its particular underpinnings, from the diversity of sources of science policy, through its collaborative culture, to the importance of science-industry cooperation and academic mobility, and finally to its multilevel international collaboration efforts. The chapter presents the reasoning, evolution, and architecture of the European scientific collaboration policy, within the EU and with non-EU countries. The main focus is on the EU-level initiatives. Science diplomacy creates the overall framework for the international research collaboration of a given nation. Science diplomacy consists of three types of activity: diplomacy for science, science for diplomacy, and science in diplomacy. The chapter concludes with the mapping of the main scientific collaboration policy tools and some evidence shedding light on the evaluation of their effectiveness and efficiency.