ABSTRACT
There were a range of native experiences from the movement of Red Power (AIM), designed as a violent reaction to poor federal policies, to the role Native Americans played in the Vietnam War, and to Indian struggles for self-determination in the 1970s as native peoples sought improvements in education, economics, religion, land ownership, and governance. The search for self-determination and a better government-to-government relationship, as shown in Chapter Twelve, were a break from the ups and downs of the preceding fifty years. As Chapter Twelve shows, the search for self-determination continued into the 1980s, but shifted in a dramatic direction in the 1990s as Native American leaders decided to turn insular and empower themselves without any dependency on federal and state policymakers.
