ABSTRACT
The diversity of people, the intense social interactions, and the mobility along horizontal and vertical scales gave urban cores their dynamic quality. This chapter explains the Racially motivated violence also broke out in a number of cities, amid native-born whites' political agitation for new laws limiting immigration and disenfranchising black voters. It also discusses the Chinese immigrants differed from Europeans, though, in that their communities remained disproportionately male. Workers in some cities united across lines of race and ethnicity, though crowds in San Francisco redirected their anger against the Chinese, killing several people in a rampage through Chinatown. The chapter explains the ethnic neighborhood was one of the strongest institutions of inner-city life, yet most of them were neither as monolithic nor as stable as outsiders thought. It discusses the great upheaval never occurred in America, partly because various "safety valves" relieved pressures of social unrest.
