ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses a number of the phrase's possible permutations, with an eye to developing a hypothesis about the way work works in culture. Teenagers who attended work camps wore denim and flannel shirts and learned about folk songs, barn construction, leftist politics, poetry, and sex. The word work in work camp signified solidarity with labor on the part of the affluent, progressive middle class. The 'work out' in a gym is not to do work in a cultural or economic sense, even though you may be working groups of muscles and feeling the burn. Gym workouts are make-work, designed to articulate particular groups of muscles, to create definition, to change the body image, not the culture. Phrases like 'women and other unskilled workers' began to appear in civic trade regulations. Make-work is excess, or in contemporary philosophical terms a supplement-both an addition and a substitution.
