ABSTRACT
The use of clauses excluding or limiting the liability of the carrier is very widespread in contracts for the carriage of goods by sea. Indeed, it was the widespread exclusion of liability of the carriers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries which led to the adoption of rules at the international level regulating contracts for the carriage of goods by sea, i.e. the Hague Rules. These Rules, and subsequent international conventions in this area, also include both exclusions and limitations of the carrier’s liability.
