ABSTRACT
Bike share has had a chequered history in the half century since the first ‘program’, known as Witte Fietsen was launched on the streets of Amsterdam. The first bike share program in the United States started in the mid-1990s, via the actions of a small group of Portland, Oregon residents. One of the key lessons from the early experience with bike share is that despite the best of intentions, low-tech programs that rely on volunteers and the good will of citizens to use the bicycles as intended, generally fail. Ultimately a bike is worth more than a coin, and the anonymity of the user fails to deter those seeking to use the bikes outside their intended purpose. One of the trends evident in many North American cities, as well as a growing number of cities around the globe, is the emergence of e-scooters, and it is uncertain what impact the growth of e-scooters may have on bike share evolution.
