Introduction

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book explores Wittgensteinian approaches to meaning, justification and truth. It argues that it is possible to strengthen a Wittgensteinian approach by disposing of the expressive thesis, and focusing on the relativization of meaning and epistemic standards to so-called language games. The book concerns arguments for a denial of a which are aimed specifically at religious utterances, with no more global pretensions. The anti-realist draws on considerations such as the evaluative role of religious beliefs, an attempt to maximize the intelligibility of religious utterances and behaviour, and the theological/grammatical propriety of mixing God-talk with concepts such as factual existence. The book makes a case for the religious/spiritual value and necessity of the realist hope. It explores an alternative route into epistemic anti-realism. Realism is not intrinsically concerned with the existence of objects, with natural theology or rational justification.