ABSTRACT
This chapter considers the dominance of traditional, or procedural, accountability by examining agencies of restraint and parliamentary democracy, or the horizontal and vertical (HV) accountability framework. The traditional application and use of the term accountability in public management, as applied in international development, is based on a principal agent model that focuses on the contractual mechanisms for regulating behaviour between autonomous parties. Recursive and reciprocal accountability are among the variants of standard horizontal accountability and involve different types of relationships between the agencies involved. In terms of vertical accountability the relationship between unequals focuses on democratic accountability, taxation and international accountability. Hierarchical accountability is found in bureaucracies and characterises relationships within organisations, such as the Tanzanian public service, where it is maintained through adjustments in remuneration, responsibilities and career opportunities. Political transparency relates to the motives of policymakers, including in terms of their policy objectives and institutional arrangements. Economic transparency speaks to the economic information used to develop policy.
