ABSTRACT
Pakistani frustration mounted steadily in the months following the 1949 Kashmir ceasefire, and there was a widespread belief that the United Nations was not doing enough to resolve the dispute. The Pakistan intelligence bureau (IB) recruited agents among Kashmiri refugees, some of whom were sent back to Indian Kashmir in order to spy, recruit and conduct sabotage. It helped that in these early years of the conflict Pakistan commanded the sympathies and loyalties of many Kashmiris. For inter-services intelligence directorate (ISI), any intelligence was a start. While there could be no expectations of obtaining intelligence on India from the British, the London joint intelligence bureau (JIB) network might provide information on other threats such as the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, China and regional communist movements. Unfortunately for Karachi, information security was one of the main sticking points blocking Pakistan's access to commonwealth intelligence. The UK played an important role in creating ISI and facilitating its early development.
