ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a critical overview of the different ways in which local populations have been represented and treated by academic discourses on, and analyses of, nature protection. It discusses the broad-level environmental governance implications of different academic and policy understandings of the role of local people in protected areas, including co-governance, and adaptive and resilience management. The new wave of community-based conservation initiatives during the 1990s provided a diverse range of approaches, including community wildlife management, collaborative or co-management, community-based natural resource management, state/community co-management and integrated conservation and development programmes Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs). At the moment, the various policy embodiments of all three perspectives including the Yellowstone model, Community Conservation Areas (CCAs) and Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) exist simultaneously across different parts of the world. It highlights three broad-level conceptualizations of the relationship between local people and nature protection, which emerged successively during the twentieth century.
