ABSTRACT
Due to diversified interests in the designation and management of PAs, various types of conflicts have arisen. This chapter examines the dominant forms of conflicts that arise from PA designation and management and how these conflicts formed and evolved. First, the status quo of the nature-based tourism industry and the evolution of tourism policies are discussed. Second, the chronic problem of the lack of sufficient funding for PA management is presented. Its consequences, such as the ‘paper park syndrome’, which means that parks only exist on paper, not in practice, and the ‘ticket economy’, which means that PA funding predominantly relies on the collection of entrance fees, are also discussed.
