ABSTRACT
The point that thinking must be part of everybody's education. This is not written in the sense that higher education is the only future and that society should become more meritocratic. Upgrading is a lifelong ambition or there is none of it. Leadership in higher education provides an irrefutable example. A challenging issue behind these findings is the return on investment of higher education to society and the intrinsic value of the university years to the graduating student. Critics say that since the Second World War most European universities have been reduced to a level of educational socialism which goes from nowhere to nowhere. The testing process continues to be good. An example is the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) required by American universities. This gauges students' analytical, verbal and quantitative skills as well as their personality traits.
