This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book explores institutional responses to the challenges of ethnic diversity within the context of a federal arrangement. It examines how institutions of multi-ethnic states have been designed to accommodate ethnic diversity while at the same time maintaining national unity. The book uses south Africa and Ethiopia as case studies as the two federal systems provide a contrasting approach to the issues of ethnic diversity. It also examines the capacity of the federal arrangement to accommodate ethnic claims without posing a threat to the political integrity of a state. The book locates practical expressions of the act of recognition within the context of a federal arrangement. It maintains the relevance of individual rights regime and other non-territorial institutional measures in order to accommodate ethnic groups that are not territorially concentrated, in addition to federalism.