ABSTRACT
HQIRUFHPHQWSUREOHPVIDFHGE\60(VWKHVRXUFHVRIWKRVHSUREOHPVWKHPHWKRGV XVHGWRVROYHWKHPDQGWKHUHDVRQVDFFRXQWLQJIRUWKHXVHRUQRQXVHRIFRXUWVIRU WKLVSXUSRVH7KH60(VLQWHUYLHZHGZHUHFKRVHQLQRUGHUWRPD[LPL]HYDULDWLRQ ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWZRVHWVRIYDULDEOHV)LUVWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIYDULDEOHVUHODWHGWRWKH W\SHRIWUDQVDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLHVDQGWKHLQGXVWU\LQZKLFKWKH\RSHUDWHRQWKH HYROXWLRQRIWKHLUGLVSXWHVZDVH[SORUHGE\LQFOXGLQJ¿UPVIURPWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJ WUDGHDQGVHUYLFHVHFWRUVDQGUHSUHVHQWLQJDJRRGYDULHW\RILQGXVWULHVZLWKLQHDFK RIWKHVHVHFWRUV7ZHOYHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHLQYROYHGLQWKHLPSRUWLQVWDOODWLRQDQG VHUYLFLQJZKHUHDSSOLFDEOHRIJRRGVDVGLYHUVHDV,7HTXLSPHQWDXWRSDUWVVKRHV WH[WLOHVFORWKLQJVWDWLRQHU\IRRGDXWRPRWLYHSURGXFWVDQGELRPHGLFDOVXSSOLHV 7KUHHZHUHSURYLGHUVRIJRRGVDQGRUVHUYLFHVLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\)RXU RIIHUHG VSHFLDOL]HG WUDLQLQJ RU FRQVXOWLQJ VHUYLFHV 0DQXIDFWXULQJ ¿UPV ZHUH DOPRVW HTXDOO\ VSOLW EHWZHHQ ³WUDGLWLRQDO´ PDQXIDFWXUHUV IXUQLWXUH FORWKLQJ KDUGZDUH DQG ¿UPV LQYROYHG LQ PRUH KLJKWHFK LQGXVWULHV FKHPLFDOV SODVWLF
HOHPHQWV ,76HFRQGO\ VRPHGHPRJUDSKLFYDULDWLRQZDVVRXJKWDIWHU LQRUGHU WRH[SORUHWKHUROHRI³FXOWXUDO´WUDLWVRQGLVSXWLQJEHKDYLRU7KHGLYHUVLW\RIWKH 'DNDUEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLW\ZDVUHÀHFWHGE\LQFOXGLQJLQWKHVDPSOHSHRSOHIURP GLYHUVHHWKQLFRULJLQVLQFOXGLQJDVPDOOQXPEHURISHRSOHERUQRXWVLGHRI6HQHJDO 1RDWWHPSWZDVPDGH WR VFUHHQSDUWLFLSDQWVZLWK UHVSHFW WRRWKHUGHPRJUDSKLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VXFK DV JHQGHU UHOLJLRXV DI¿OLDWLRQ DJH DQG OHYHO RI HGXFDWLRQ 7KHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶SUR¿OHVQRQHWKHOHVVSURYHGTXLWHYDULHGRQDOOWKRVHGLPHQVLRQV H[FHSWZLWKUHVSHFWWRJHQGHUZLWKRQO\RQHLQWHUYLHZHHEHLQJDZRPDQ$OWKRXJK QRVSHFL¿FTXHVWLRQZDVDVNHGUHJDUGLQJWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶UHOLJLRXVEHOLHIVHWKQLF origin, or level of education, in many cases, relevant information was either given LQWKHFRXUVHRIWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQRUFRXOGEHGHGXFWHGIURPRWKHULQGLFDWLRQVVXFK DVWKHGLVSOD\RIVLJQVLQGLFDWLYHRIUHOLJLRXVDI¿OLDWLRQ 7KH FRQVWLWXWLRQ RI DQ DGHTXDWH VDPSOH ZDV VXEMHFW WR PDQ\ SUDFWLFDO
FRQVWUDLQWV 2QH FRQVWUDLQW FRQFHUQHG WKH GLI¿FXOW\ LQ LGHQWLI\LQJ ZLWK DQ\ FHUWDLQW\WKH¿UPVIRUPLQJWKHUHVHDUFKSRSXODWLRQ1RUHOLDEOHOLVWLQJRI'DNDU ¿UPVZDVDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPHRIWKHVWXG\7KHGRFXPHQWFORVHVWWRVXFKDOLVWLQJ ZDVWKHGLUHFWRU\SXEOLVKHGE\WKH&KDPEHURI&RPPHUFHDQG,QGXVWU\RI'DNDU &&,$'ZKLFKFRQWDLQHGWKHQDPHVRIWKH&&,$'¶VPHPEHUVDVZHOODVVRPH information on their sectors of activity, their owners and, in some cases, their size. 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKZDVSURYLGHGE\WKH¿UPVWKHPVHOYHVZDVJHQHUDOO\YHU\ PLQLPDO DQG RIWHQ RXWGDWHG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH &&,$'¶VPHPEHUVKLS UHSUHVHQWV RQO\DSRUWLRQRIWKH¿UPVRSHUDWLQJLQ'DNDU (YHQLIDQRI¿FLDOOLVWLQJKDGEHHQDYDLODEOHLWZRXOGLQDOOOLNHOLKRRGKDYH
EHHQRIOLWWOHKHOSLQVHFXULQJDSSRLQWPHQWVZLWKSRWHQWLDOLQIRUPDQWV7KHEHVW DQGRIWHQRQO\ZD\ WR FRQYLQFHSRWHQWLDO SDUWLFLSDQWV WR DJUHH WR DQ LQWHUYLHZ was to make contact through a local intermediary or introduce oneself as referred E\ D FRPPRQ DFTXDLQWDQFH LQ ZKLFK FDVHV SRVLWLYH UHVSRQVH UDWHV ZHUH YHU\ KLJK,QFRQVHTXHQFHVDPSOLQJ¿UVWEHJDQZLWKDFFHVVLEOHVLWHVDQGEXLOWRQWKH FRQQHFWLRQVPDGHZLWK WKH LQLWLDO SDUWLFLSDQWV 7KH OLPLWDWLRQV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK FRQYHQLHQFH DQG VQRZEDOO VDPSOLQJVZHUH UHGXFHG E\PXOWLSO\LQJ WKH QXPEHU RI³HQWU\GRRUV´LHWKUHHEXVLQHVVDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKGLIIHUHQWRULHQWDWLRQVWZR RUJDQL]DWLRQVRIIHULQJVHUYLFHVWR60(VDQGSHUVRQDOFRQWDFWV7KRVHZKRDJUHHG WRWDNHSDUWLQWKHVWXG\ZHUHDVNHGWRSURYLGHWKHQDPHVRISHRSOHZKRPLJKWEH interested in doing the same. $Q DFFXUDWH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH EHKDYLRU H[KLELWHG E\'DNDU 60(VZLWK
UHVSHFW WR EXVLQHVV GLVSXWHV UHTXLUHV KDYLQJ D SURSHU JUDVS RI WKHLU VLWXDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJWKHFRQVWUDLQWVWKH\IDFHZKHQPDNLQJGHFLVLRQV)RUWKLVSXUSRVHWKH EXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFK'DNDU60(VRSHUDWHZLOO¿UVWEHGHVFULEHGWKURXJK DEULHIDFFRXQWRIWKHHYROXWLRQRI'DNDU¶VEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLW\DQGOHJDOV\VWHP 7KHGDWDJDWKHUHGLQ'DNDUZLOOWKHQEHSUHVHQWHGEHJLQQLQJZLWKDSUHVHQWDWLRQ
RI 'DNDU¶V EXVLQHVV HQYLURQPHQW DV WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV WKHPVHOYHV GHVFULEHG LW $JHQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQRI WKHHYROXWLRQRI W\SLFDOEXVLQHVVGLVSXWHVZLOO WKHQEH JLYHQEHIRUHSURYLGLQJDPRUHGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVRIWKHGLYHUVHW\SHVRIEXVLQHVV UHODWLRQVKLSVREVHUYHGDQGWKHUROHSOD\HGE\ODZLQHDFKRIWKHP ,QWKHUHVWRIWKLVERRNH[FHUSWVIURPWKHLQWHUYLHZVWUDQVODWHGIURP)UHQFK
ZLOO VHUYH WR LOOXVWUDWHGLYHUVHSRLQWVPDGHE\ WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV LQ WKH VWXG\ ,Q RUGHUWRSURWHFWWKHDQRQ\PLW\RIWKHLQWHUYLHZHHVDQGWKHFRQ¿GHQWLDOLW\RIWKH LQWHUYLHZVHDFKLQWHUYLHZHHLVLGHQWL¿HGE\DSVHXGRQ\P0RUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQ WKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHVDPSOHDQGWKH¿UPVUHSUHVHQWHGE\HDFKLQWHUYLHZHHLV SURYLGHGLQ$SSHQGL[$
7KH%XVLQHVV&RPPXQLWLHVRI'DNDU
'DNDULVORFDWHGRQWKH&DS9HUW3HQLQVXODRQWKH$WODQWLFFRDVWDQGLV Africa’s ZHVWHUQPRVWFLW\,WLVDOVRRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFLWLHVRI:HVW$IULFDZLWKD SRSXODWLRQDPRXQWLQJWRRYHUPLOOLRQSHRSOHDERXWRQHIRXUWKRIWKHFRXQWU\¶V WRWDOSRSXODWLRQ)RUD60(RSHUDWLQJLQVXE6DKDUDQ$IULFD'DNDULVDORFDWLRQ ZLWKQXPHURXVDGYDQWDJHVRIZKLFKWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRQHLVWKHSROLWLFDOVWDELOLW\ RI6HQHJDOZKLFKKDVORQJEHHQKDLOHGDVDV\PERORIGHPRFUDF\LQDQRWRULRXVO\ WURXEOHGUHJLRQ7KHFLW\QHYHUWKHOHVVDWWDLQHGLWVFXUUHQWGRPLQDQWHFRQRPLFDQG SROLWLFDOSRVLWLRQLQ:HVW$IULFDRQO\UHFHQWO\7KHSROLWLFDOWURXEOHV WKDWVKRRN WKHSUHYLRXVO\VWDEOHFRXQWU\RI&{WHG¶,YRLUHLQWKHVFRQWULEXWHGWR'DNDU¶V ULVHWRHFRQRPLFSURPLQHQFHZLWKPDQ\¿UPVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVSUHYLRXVO\EDVHG LQ$ELGMDQUHORFDWLQJWR'DNDULQRUGHUWR¿QGSROLWLFDOVWDELOLW\%XW'DNDU¶VQHZ VWDWXVDVWKHHFRQRPLFFDSLWDORI)UDQFRSKRQH:HVW$IULFDDOVRKDVLWGRZQVLGHV WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWEHLQJDQH[SORVLRQRIUHDOHVWDWHSULFHVLQWKHDUHD ,Q RUGHU WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH VLWXDWLRQ RI WKH FXUUHQW EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLW\ RI
'DNDULWLVIXQGDPHQWDOWRFRQVLGHUWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHFLW\(XURSHDQVZLOOLQJWR GHYHORSWUDGHLQWKHUHJLRQZHUHLQLWLDOO\DWWUDFWHGE\WKHLVODQGRI*RUpHDIHZ PLOHVIURPWKHFRDVWUDWKHUWKDQWKH&DS9HUW3HQLQVXODLWVHOI%\WKHPLGGOHRI WKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHLVODQGKDGEHFRPHDEDVHIRUWKHH[SRUWRIVODYHVE\WKH 3RUWXJXHVH$IWHUFKDQJLQJKDQGVVHYHUDOWLPHV*RUpHIHOOWRWKH)UHQFKLQ ZKLOHWKHPDLQODQGRI&DS9HUWZDVVWLOOXQGHUWKHFRQWURORIWKH-RORI(PSLUH7KH VPDOOYLOODJHRI'DNDUGLUHFWO\DFURVVIURP*RUpHVHUYLFHGWKHLVODQGZLWKIRRG and drinking water. *RUpHVWDUWHGORVLQJLWVSULYLOHJHGSRVLWLRQLQ)UHQFKFRORQLDO$IULFDZLWKWKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH SHDQXW WUDGH 7KH JURZLQJ SRSXODWLRQ RI WKH LVODQG EHJDQ PRYLQJWRWKHFRQWLQHQWEXWLWLV5X¿VTXHUDWKHUWKDQ'DNDUWKDWFDPHWRUHSODFH *RUpHDVDWUDGHFHQWHU,QWKH)UHQFKWXUQHG'DNDULQWRDPLOLWDU\SRVW7KH
ODUJHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHH[SHQGLWXUHVPDGHE\)UHQFKFRORQLDODXWKRULWLHVWREXLOGDQG LPSURYH WKHSRUW IDFLOLWLHV ODWHUDOORZHG WKHFLW\ WRGLVSODFH5X¿VTXH:LWK WKH FRPSOHWLRQRIWKHUDLOZD\OLQHEHWZHHQWKHFLW\DQGWKHFDSLWDORI6DLQW/RXLVLQ 'DNDUEHFDPHWKHOHDGLQJXUEDQFHQWHURIWKHFRORQ\DQGDQLPSRUWDQWEDVH IRUWKHFRQTXHVWRIWKHZHVWHUQ6XGDQ,Q'DNDUUHSODFHG6DLQW/RXLVDVWKH FDSLWDORIWKH$IULTXH2FFLGHQWDOH)UDQoDLVH$2)7KHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKH'DNDU %DPDNRUDLOURDGOLQHLQWKH¿UVWTXDUWHURIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\FRQWULEXWHGWR WKHFRQVROLGDWLRQRI'DNDU¶VGRPLQDQWSRVLWLRQLQWKH)UHQFK$IULFDQ(PSLUH 7RZDUGVWKHHQGRIWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\6DLQW/RXLV5X¿VTXHDQG*RUpH
ZHUHUHFRJQL]HGDV)UHQFKFRPPXQHVZLWK'DNDUVSOLWWLQJRIIIURP*RUpHDVD VHSDUDWH FRPPXQH LQ 8QGHU WKH )UHQFK FRORQLDO UHJLPH WKH LQKDELWDQWV RIWKH³)RXU&RPPXQHV´WKH³RULJLQDLUHV´EHQH¿WWHGIURPDVSHFLDOWUHDWPHQW IURPFRORQLDODXWKRULWLHVDVWKH\ZHUHH[WHQGHGULJKWVRI)UHQFKFLWL]HQVKLS7KH )RXU&RPPXQHVKDGDSDUWLFXODUO\VWURQJ)UHQFKSUHVHQFHDQGWKHLULQKDELWDQWV ZHUHZHOOFRQQHFWHGWRWKH)UHQFKSROLWLFDODQGFRPPHUFLDOHVWDEOLVKPHQW8QWLO WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\WKH)UHQFKFRORQLDOSROLF\ZDVIDYRUDEOH WRWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDFRPPHUFLDO6HQHJDOHVHERXUJHRLVLH$PLQUHSRUWV WKDW LQ DOPRVW 6HQHJDOHVH WUDGHUV ZHUH UHJLVWHUHG ZLWK FRORQLDO DXWKRULWLHV&RORQLDOSROLF\FKDQJHGEHWZHHQDQGDVSDFL¿FDWLRQDQG WKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI)UHQFKUXOHRYHUQHZWHUULWRULHVDOORZHGWKH)UHQFKWUDGLQJ SRVWVWRRSHQLQODQGRI¿FHVDQGWRFRPSHWHZLWKORFDOWUDGHUV8QGHUDWWDFNDQG ZLWKOLWWOHDFFHVVWRGLUHFWLPSRUWDQGFUHGLWPDQ\6HQHJDOHVHEHFDPHHPSOR\HHV RI WKHFRORQLDO¿UPV7KHUROHRI LQWHUPHGLDULHVEHWZHHQWKH)UHQFKFRPSDQLHV DQGWKHORFDOSRSXODWLRQSUHYLRXVO\IXO¿OOHGE\WKHORFDOEXVLQHVVFODVVZDVWDNHQ RQE\QHZO\DUULYHG/HEDQHVHLPPLJUDQWV$FFRUGLQJWR0DUIDLQJDQG6RZ ±LQ±6HQHJDOHVHWUDGHUVUHSUHVHQWHGKDOIRIWKHOLFHQVHGWUDGHUVRI 'DNDUEXWRQO\SHUFHQWRIWKRVHRSHUDWLQJLQWKHFRXQWU\VLGH $W LQGHSHQGHQFH )UHQFK DQG /HEDQHVH ¿UPV ODUJHO\ GRPLQDWHG WKH
6HQHJDOHVH HFRQRP\ /LNHPRVW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DW WKLV WLPH WKH FRXQWU\ DGRSWHG D GHYHORSPHQW SROLF\ EDVHG RQ LPSRUWVXEVWLWXWLRQ LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ DQG KHDY\ JRYHUQPHQW LQYROYHPHQW LQ HFRQRPLF DFWLYLW\ 6RPH )UHQFK ¿UPV ZHUH QDWLRQDOL]HG DQG PDQ\ VWDWH HQWHUSULVHV ZHUH FUHDWHG 7KH FRQWURO RI PDQXIDFWXULQJ HQWHUSULVHV SDVVHG WR 6HQHJDOHVH EXVLQHVVPHQ ZLWK SROLWLFDO FRQQHFWLRQV WR 3UHVLGHQW 6HQJKRU¶V 3DUWL 6RFLDOLVWH $ QHZ ³EXUHDXFUDWLF´ ERXUJHRLVLH HPHUJHG WR WKH GHWULPHQW RI WKH HVWDEOLVKHG EXVLQHVV FODVVZKRVH SUHVHQFHZDV HVVHQWLDOO\ OLPLWHG WR LQGXVWULHVZLWK ORZEDUULHUV WR HQWU\ WUDGH FRQVWUXFWLRQDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ,QSDUDOOHOWKHVDQGVVDZWKHULVHRI DQHZFDWHJRU\RI6HQHJDOHVHHQWUHSUHQHXUVLQWKHFRPPHUFLDOVHFWRU6HQHJDOHVH SHDVDQWV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH GHFOLQLQJ SHDQXW VHFWRU VRXJKW WR HYDGH WKH RI¿FLDO SHDQXWPDUNHWLQJERDUGOHDGLQJWRWKHH[SDQVLRQRIFRQWUDEDQGWUDGLQJQHWZRUNV
DQG WKH ULVH RI QHZ SRZHUIXO EXVLQHVV JURXSV 0DQ\ PHPEHUV RI WKH 0XULG Islamic order,LQSDUWLFXODUPDQDJHG WRDFFXPXODWH ODUJHIRUWXQHVE\ WUDGLQJLQ FRQWUDEDQGJRRGV7KH\DOVRSURYLGHG¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWWRODUJHQXPEHUVRI\RXQJ 6HQHJDOHVHWU\LQJWRPDNHDOLYLQJLQWKHFLW\E\UHVHOOLQJIUDXGXOHQWO\LPSRUWHG JRRGVLQXUEDQPDUNHWV(VFDSLQJWKHSD\PHQWRIWD[HVIHHVDQGVRFLDOVHFXULW\ FKDUJHV WKHVH QHZ HQWUHSUHQHXUV EHFDPH PRUH FRPSHWLWLYH WKDQ WKHLU PRVWO\ )UHQFK DQG /HEDQHVH FRXQWHUSDUWV ZKR JUDGXDOO\ ZLWKGUHZ IURP WKH LPSRUW DQGGLVWULEXWLRQWUDGHDVZHOODVPDQ\VHJPHQWVRI OLJKW LQGXVWU\7KLVSURFHVV NQRZQDVWKH³LQIRUPDOL]DWLRQ´RI6HQHJDOHVHFRPPHUFHSURYLGHGQRWRQO\MREV WRUXUDO LPPLJUDQWVEXWDOVRFKHDSFRQVXPHUJRRGVWKDWPDGHLWHDVLHU WRFRSH ZLWKLQÀDWLRQWZRIDFWRUVWKDWPD\DFFRXQWIRUWKHIHZJRYHUQPHQWDOHIIRUWVPDGH WR¿JKWFRQWUDEDQGQHWZRUNVDWWKHWLPH )URPWKHPLGVDVHULHVRIPDUNHWRULHQWHGUHIRUPVWRRNSODFHXQGHUWKH
DHJLVRIWKH,0)DQGWKH:RUOG%DQN7UDGHZDVOLEHUDOL]HGDVD1HZ,QGXVWULDO 3ROLF\³1RXYHOOH3ROLWLTXH,QGXVWULHOOH´SURYLGHGIRUWKHVXSSUHVVLRQRITXRWDV DQG OLFHQVHV WR LPSRUW DVZHOO DV WKH ORZHULQJ RI WDULIIV ,Q WKH UHJLRQDO FXUUHQF\IUDQF&)$ZKLFKZDVXQWLOWKHQRQDSDUZLWKWKH)UHQFKFXUUHQF\ZDV GHYDOXHGE\SHUFHQWDVDZD\WRLQFUHDVHOHYHOVRIH[SRUWDQGUHGXFHEXGJHW GH¿FLWV7KHSULFHVRILPSRUWHGJRRGVLQFUHDVHGGUDPDWLFDOO\OHDGLQJWRDGHFUHDVH RIWKHVSHQGLQJSRZHUDPRQJWKHORFDOSRSXODWLRQDVZHOODVLQFUHDVHGSRYHUW\ FRQWUDEDQGDFWLYLW\DQGVRFLDOXQUHVWZLWK'DNDUEHFRPLQJWKHVLWHRIDVHULHVRI YLROHQWGHPRQVWUDWLRQV6PDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHVLQSDUWLFXODUKDGD GLI¿FXOWWLPHIDFLQJWKHLQFUHDVHLQWKHSULFHRILPSRUWVDQGWKHFRQWUDFWLRQRIORFDO GHPDQGIRUWKHLUJRRGV7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIDQLQFUHDVHGUHFRXUVHWRFRQVXPHU FUHGLWDQGWKHLPSRVLWLRQRIPRUHVWULQJHQWWHUPVRISD\PHQWIURPVXSSOLHUVOHG WRLQFUHDVHGQHHGIRUOLTXLGLWLHVDQGKLJKHUOHYHOVRIGHEWLQWKLVIUDFWLRQRIWKH EXVLQHVVFRPPXQLW\,QWKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKHGHYDOXDWLRQDQXPEHURIVWDWHRZQHG LQGXVWULHVDQGSXEOLFXWLOLWLHVZHUHSULYDWL]HGRIWHQWRWKHEHQH¿WRI)UHQFK¿UPV )UDQFH 7pOpFRP %RX\JXHV ZDWHU 'DJULV FRWWRQ $GYHQV SHDQXWV HWF %XVLQHVVPHQ IRUPHUO\ SULYLOHJHG E\ WKHLU FRQQHFWLRQV WR WKH VWDWH VDZ WKHLU SRVLWLRQFRPSURPLVHG,QSDUDOOHO WKH6HQHJDOHVHJRYHUQPHQWZDVVXEMHFWHGWR LQFUHDVLQJSUHVVXUHWRZLGHQWKHWD[EDVHE\VXEMHFWLQJWRWD[DWLRQWKHQXPHURXV EXVLQHVVHVRSHUDWLQJXQGHUWKHUDGDURI¿VFDODXWKRULWLHV 'HVSLWHGHUHJXODWLRQDQGWKHULVHRIDQHZFODVVRI6HQHJDOHVHEXVLQHVVSHRSOH
WKH EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLW\ RI 'DNDU UHPDLQV KLJKO\ VWUDWL¿HG 6HQHJDOHVH EXVLQHVVPHQDUHVWLOOKHDYLO\FRQFHQWUDWHGLQWUDGHDQGVRPHDUHDVRIOLJKWLQGXVWU\ ZKLOHIRUHLJQPRVWO\)UHQFKFDSLWDOLVSUHGRPLQDQWLQWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJVHFWRU ,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWRYHU)UHQFK¿UPVDUHLQRSHUDWLRQLQ6HQHJDOKDOIRIWKHP DV VXEVLGLDULHV RI )UDQFHEDVHG FRPSDQLHV7KRVH ¿UPV RIWHQ SOD\ D GRPLQDQW UROH LQ PDQ\ VSKHUHV RI DFWLYLW\ VXFK DV HQHUJ\ 6$5 WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
6RQDWHOFRQVWUXFWLRQ6SLH-HDQ/HIHEYUH5D]HO)RXJHUROOHV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ %ROORUp$LU)UDQFH WRXULVP6R¿WHO6HQHJDO7RXUV&OXE0HGHWF WKHIRRG LQGXVWU\*UDQGV0RXOLQVGH'DNDU&RPSDJQLH6XFULqUH6pQpJDODLVH62%2$ 62&$6 FHPHQW SURGXFWLRQ 6RFRFLP DQG EDQNLQJ &UpGLW /\RQQDLV %13 6*%6&%$2$VWRVPDOOHU¿UPVWKHODFNRIFRPSOHWHDQGUHFHQWVWDWLVWLFVRQ 'DNDU¶VHQWHUSULVHVPDNHVLWGLI¿FXOWWRSURSHUO\DVVHVVWKHLUVLWXDWLRQ$OWKRXJK VPDOO DQGPHGLXPVL]HG¿UPV DUH RIWHQ VDLG WR UHSUHVHQW DERXW SHUFHQW RI DOO ¿UPV RSHUDWLQJ LQ 6HQHJDO WKLV QXPEHU FRPSULVHV DQ XQNQRZQ EXW PRVW SUREDEO\YHU\VLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHURIPLFURHQWHUSULVHVJHQHUDOO\FRPSRVHGRID VLQJOHLQGLYLGXDORI6HQHJDOHVHRULJLQVDQGRSHUDWLQJDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\DVSHWW\ WUDGHUVRUFUDIWVPHQ7KHQRWLRQRI60(V LVJHQHUDOO\GH¿QHGVRDV WRH[FOXGH WKRVHPLFURHQWHUSULVHVDQGGHVLJQDWHDODUJHVSHFWUXPRI¿UPVFRXQWLQJEHWZHHQ DQGHPSOR\HHV6HQHJDOHVH60(VH[KLELWDZLGHYDULHW\ERWKLQWHUPVRI WKHHWKQLFRULJLQVRIWKHLUPHPEHUVDQGWKHLQGXVWU\LQZKLFKWKH\RSHUDWH 7KH6HQHJDOHVHHFRQRP\LVFRPPRQO\GHVFULEHGDVFRPSULVLQJWZRGLVWLQFW
W\SHVRIEXVLQHVVHV LHPRGHUQHQWHUSULVHVDQG¿UPVRSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH LQIRUPDO sector. Due to the lack of consensus on the meaning of informality, it is hard to GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHU VSHFL¿F ¿UPV DUH LQ IDFW IRUPDO RU LQIRUPDO2QH FRPPRQ GH¿QLWLRQ RI LQIRUPDOLW\ UHIHUV WR WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK D ¿UP FRPSOLHV ZLWK DSSOLFDEOHODZWKHPRVWFXUUHQWO\XVHGLQGLFDWRURILQIRUPDOLW\EHLQJWKHIDLOXUHWR UHJLVWHUZLWKWD[HPSOR\PHQWRUEXVLQHVVOLFHQVLQJDXWKRULWLHV%XWLWLVDOVRZLGHO\ DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWLQIRUPDOLW\LVPRUHSUREDEO\DPDWWHURIGHJUHHZLWKHYHU\¿UP FRPSO\LQJZLWKDWOHDVWVRPHIRUPDOUXOHVDQGLJQRULQJRWKHUV&RPSOLDQFHZLWK WKHODZPD\DOVREHVHHQDVRQO\DQLQGLFDWRUUDWKHUWKDQFRQVWLWXWLYHRIIRUPDOLW\ XQGHUVWRRGPRUHEURDGO\DVWKHIDFWIRUD¿UPWRUHVRUWWRPRGHVRISURGXFWLRQ DQGRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWVHWVLWDSDUWIURPUHJLVWHUHGRUXQUHJLVWHUHGVHOIHPSOR\HG LQGLYLGXDOV)URPWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHWKHWUDQVLWLRQIURPWKHLQIRUPDOWRWKHIRUPDOLV QRWVRPXFKDPDWWHURIFRPSOLDQFHEXWRIWUDQVIRUPLQJGDLO\VWUDWHJLHVRIVXUYLYDO LQWRVXVWDLQDEOHEXVLQHVVDFWLYLWLHV ,Q WKH 6HQHJDOHVH FRQWH[W WKH SUREOHP RI FDWHJRUL]LQJ ¿UPV DV IRUPDO RU
LQIRUPDO LV DPSOL¿HG E\ WKHZLGHVSUHDG XVH RI WKH WHUP ³VHFWHXU LQIRUPHO´ WR GHVLJQDWHWKH¿UPVEHORQJLQJWRWKHWUDGLQJQHWZRUNVWKDWGHYHORSHGLQWKHV DURXQG WKH OHDGHUV RI WKH0XULG RUGHU7KH ³VHFWRU´ WKXV FRPSULVHV DPDMRULW\ of street or market vendors – also called Baol Baol, from the ancient name of WKHUHJLRQRI'LRXUEHOZKLFKKRVWV WKHKRO\0XULGFLW\RI7RXED±PRVWRIWHQ RSHUDWLQJZLWKRXWDOLFHQVHDVZHOODVDVLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHURIODUJHUPRUHRUOHVV IRUPDOL]HGEXVLQHVVHVRULJLQDWLQJIURPWKHVDPHQHWZRUNV,QWKHVH¿UPV FUHDWHGWKHLURZQDVVRFLDWLRQ81$&2,6³8QLRQGHVFRPPHUoDQWVHWLQGXVWULHOV GX6pQpJDO´$OWKRXJKFRQWUROOHGE\WKHZHDOWK\WUDGHUVZKRGRPLQDWHWKHWUDGH VHFWRU81$&2,6FOHDUO\SRVLWLRQVLWVHOIDVWKHGHIHQGHURIVPDOOEXVLQHVVHVDQG
³QDWLRQDO´LQWHUHVWVDJDLQVWWKH³IRUHLJQFDSLWDO´GRPLQDWLQJWKH³PRGHUQ´VHFWRU 81$&2,6KDV DOVR WDNHQ D SRVLWLRQ DJDLQVW WKH DUULYDO LQ'DNDU RI LPPLJUDQW &KLQHVH LPSRUWHUV VHOOLQJ GLUHFWO\ WR FRQVXPHUV DQG 'DNDU¶V SHWW\ WUDGHUV TXDOLI\LQJWKHLUSUHVHQFHDV³XQIDLUFRPSHWLWLRQ´
Business Law in Senegal
)UHQFKODZZDV¿UVWLPSRUWHGWR6HQHJDOGXULQJWKHFRORQLDOSHULRGZLWKOHJLVODWLRQ EHLQJLQWURGXFHGLQWKHFRORQ\RQDSLHFHPHDOEDVLVDQGZLWKDGDSWDWLRQVGHHPHG WREHUHTXLUHGE\ORFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KHLPSRUWHGODZVLQFOXGHGWKH&LYLO&RGH and the Commercial Code. As in the rest of West Africa, a dual legal regime was SXWLQSODFHZKLOHFRORQLDOODZJRYHUQHG)UHQFKFLWL]HQVFXVWRPDU\ODZUHPDLQHG DSSOLFDEOHWRUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQQRQFLWL]HQV5ROODQGDQG/DPSXp$W LQGHSHQGHQFHWKHH[LVWLQJODZVUHPDLQHGLQIRUFHDQGZHUHQDWLRQDOL]HG$VSDUW RIWKHHIIRUWVWR³PRGHUQL]H´WKHFRXQWU\DOPRVWDOOWKHEUDQFKHVRIWKHODZZHUH UHIRUPHGLQOLQHZLWKWKH)UHQFKPRGHO'DYLGDQG-DXIIUHW6SLQRVL $QHZ&RGHRI2EOLJDWLRQVZDVDGRSWHGRQZKLFKWKHLQÀXHQFHRIFXVWRPDU\ODZ SURYHGQHJOLJLEOH6DODFXVH
The idea of harmonizing the commercial laws of the different countries of )UDQFRSKRQH $IULFD VXUIDFHG LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU LQGHSHQGHQFH 7KH QHHG IRU D KDUPRQL]HG OHJDO IUDPHZRUNZDV UHFRJQL]HG LQ LQ WKH ³&RQYHQWLRQ GH FRRSpUDWLRQHQPDWLqUHGHMXVWLFH´VLJQHGE\WKHPHPEHUVRIWKH³8QLRQDIULFDLQH HWPDOJDFKH´ZKRWKHQFRPPLWWHGWRKDUPRQL]HWKHLUFRPPHUFLDOODZV,Q .pED0¶%D\H WKHQ DPHPEHURI WKH6HQHJDOHVH0LQLVWU\RI -XVWLFH SURSRVHG WR WKH8QLRQWKHFUHDWLRQRI WKH³%XUHDX$IULFDLQHW0DOJDFKHGH5HFKHUFKHHW G¶eWXGHV /pJLVODWLYHV´ %$05(/ ZKRVH PLVVLRQ ZDV WR HODERUDWH XQLIRUP ODZVGLUHFWO\DSSOLFDEOHLQWKHPHPEHUVWDWHV$IWHUDIHZ\HDUVWKRXJK%$05(/ ceased to function due to a lack of funds and the idea of a general harmonization RIEXVLQHVVODZZDVODLGDVLGH 7KH KDUPRQL]DWLRQ SURMHFW UHVXUIDFHG LQ WKH V ZKHQ LW ZDV GHEDWHG
LQ VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW VXPPLWV ,Q$SULO LQ2XDJDGRXJRX WKH0LQLVWHUV RI Finance of the countries of the zone francGHFLGHGWRRUJDQL]HDUHÀHFWLRQRQWKH IHDVLELOLW\ RI D SURMHFW WR KDUPRQL]H EXVLQHVV ODZZLWK D YLHZ WR UDWLRQDOL]LQJ WKHOHJDOHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFK¿UPVFRQGXFWHGWKHLUDFWLYLWLHV,VVD6D\HJKDQG /RKRXHV2EOH 6L[ PRQWKV ODWHU LQ 3DULV D WHDP RI H[SHUWV FDOOHG mission de haut niveauZDVIRUPHGDQGSXWLQFKDUJHRIDVVHVVLQJWKHSROLWLFDODQG WHFKQLFDOIHDVLELOLW\RIWKHSURMHFW7KHWHDPZKLFKFRPSULVHGVHYHQPHPEHUV
ZDV OHGE\.pED0¶%D\H WKHQ-XGJHRI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RXUWRI -XVWLFHDQG IRUPHU 3UHVLGHQW RI WKH 6HQHJDO¶V 6XSUHPH&RXUW DQG&RQVHLO&RQVWLWXWLRQQHO 2Q6HSWHPEHUWKHPLVVLRQ¿OHGLWV¿QDOUHSRUW$WKUHHPHPEHUVWHHULQJ FRPPLWWHH directoire ZDV IRUPHG DQG JLYHQ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU GUDIWLQJ DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUHDW\ DQG LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH DUHDVRI WKH ODZ WREHKDUPRQL]HG7KH GUDIW WUHDW\ HVWDEOLVKLQJ WKH ³2UJDQL]DWLRQ SRXU O¶KDUPRQLVDWLRQ HQ$IULTXH GX GURLWGHVDIIDLUHV´2+$'$ZDVVLJQHGE\FRXQWULHVRQ2FWREHULQ 3RUW/RXLV0DXULWLXVDQGHQWHUHGLQWRIRUFHDERXWD\HDUODWHU $OWKRXJK WKH2UJDQL]DWLRQ LVRSHQ WRDOO$IULFDQ8QLRQPHPEHUVDQGRWKHU
VWDWHVXSRQLQYLWDWLRQWKHYDVWPDMRULW\RILWVSUHVHQWPHPEHUVDUH)UDQFRSKRQH and former French colonies or mandate territories of Africa.$OOEXW*XLQHDDQG ComoresDUHDOVRPHPEHUVRIWKH)UDQFPRQHWDU\]RQH
The Rationale for OHADA
,QFRQIRUPLW\ZLWKWKHQHZGHYHORSPHQWDSSURDFKWKHREMHFWLYHRIWKH2+$'$ reform is to attract foreign investors, facilitate trade, and favor the emergence RIDG\QDPLFSULYDWHVHFWRU$VVWDWHGLQWKH3UHDPEOHRIWKH7UHDW\FUHDWLQJWKH 2UJDQL]DWLRQ2+$'$LVPHDQWWRFUHDWHDQHZGHYHORSPHQWFOXVWHULQ$IULFDE\ HVWDEOLVKLQJD³FOLPDWHRI WUXVW´ WKURXJK WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI D³KDUPRQL]HG VLPSOHPRGHUQDQGDGDSWHG´EXVLQHVV ODZDSSOLHG³ZLWKGLOLJHQFH´ LQRUGHU WR ³JXDUDQWHH WKH OHJDO VHFXULW\ RI HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV LQ RUGHU WR SURPRWH WKHLU JURZWKDQGIRVWHULQYHVWPHQW´2+$'$$VPHQWLRQHGLQ$UWLFOHRIWKH 7UHDW\WKHUHIRUPSURFHVVKDVWKUHHPDMRUDVSHFWVWKH³PRGHUQL]DWLRQ´RIWKHODZ LWV³KDUPRQL]DWLRQ´ZLWKLQ WKH2+$'$UHJLRQDQG WKHFUHDWLRQRIDSSURSULDWH SURFHGXUHVLQFOXGLQJDUELWUDWLRQIRUWKHVHWWOHPHQWRIFRQWUDFWXDOGLVSXWHV 2EVHUYHUVKDYHQRWHGWKDW2+$'$¶VQDPHGRHVQRWUHÀHFWLWV WUXHPLVVLRQ
ZKLFKLVQRWOHJDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQEXWWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDQ³DJJUHVVLYHO\WRS GRZQ´'LFNHUVRQVFKHPHIRUWKHXQLIRUPL]DWLRQRIEXVLQHVVODZV7KH ³KDUPRQL]DWLRQ´ VRXJKW E\2+$'$FRQVLVWV LQ WKH ³GHQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ´RI WKH ODZPDNLQJ DQG MXGLFLDO SURFHVVHV E\ UHSODFLQJ QDWLRQDO SROLWLFDO DQG MXGLFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV ZLWK QHZ UHJLRQDO LQVWDQFHV LQ FKDUJH RI DGRSWLQJ DQG DSSO\LQJ WKHQHZ ODZ)RU WKLVSXUSRVH WKH2+$'$7UHDW\SURYLGHV IRU WKHFUHDWLRQRI IRXU VXSUDQDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV 7KH &RXQFLO RI 0LQLVWHUV ZKLFK LV FRPSULVHG
RIWKH0LQLVWHUVRI-XVWLFHDQG0LQLVWHUVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU)LQDQFHRIWKHPHPEHU FRXQWULHVLVDWWKHDSH[RIWKH2+$'$V\VWHP,WHOHFWVRUDSSRLQWVWKHPHPEHUV RIWKHRWKHULQVWLWXWLRQVDSSURYHVWKHDQQXDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQSURJUDPSUHSDUHGE\ WKH3HUPDQHQW6HFUHWDU\2I¿FHDQGLQFRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKWKH&RPPRQ&RXUWRI -XVWLFHDQG$UELWUDWLRQ&&-$DGRSWVWKHOHJLVODWLRQSUHSDUHGE\WKH6HFUHWDU\ 7KHODVWLQVWLWXWLRQLVWKH5HJLRQDO6FKRRORIWKH-XGLFLDU\³eFROHUpJLRQDOHGHOD 0DJLVWUDWXUH´RU(5680$ZKLFKSURYLGHVWUDLQLQJIRUWKHMXGJHVDQGMXGLFLDU\ VWDIIRIWKHPHPEHU6WDWHV /HJDO LQWHJUDWLRQSUHVHQWV WZRPDMRUDGYDQWDJHVRYHUQDWLRQDO OHJDOUHIRUP
)LUVWWKHSRROLQJRIQDWLRQDOUHVRXUFHVDOORZVWKH0HPEHU6WDWHVWRFUHDWHDEHWWHU OHJDODQGMXGLFLDOV\VWHPWKDQWKH\ZRXOGKDYHEXLOWRQWKHLURZQ.LUVFK $VLQJOHERG\RIODZSXEOLVKHGE\DVLQJOHRUJDQL]DWLRQLQDQRI¿FLDOMRXUQDO JUHDWO\VLPSOL¿HVWKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQSURFHVVDQGDOORZVIRUWKHFUHDWLRQRIPRUH LPSRUWDQWPDUNHWV IRU OHJDO WH[WERRNVDQG OHJDOHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPV/HJDODQG MXGLFLDOSURIHVVLRQDOVDOVREHFRPHDEOHWRH[FKDQJHLGHDVDQGH[SHULHQFHVOHDGLQJ WRWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDOHJDOSURIHVVLRQEHWWHUHTXLSSHGWRZRUNDWWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHO)RUQHULV7KH2+$'$UHIRUPWKXVUHSUHVHQWVDXVHIXOWRROWRVKDNH XSWKHTXDVLPRQRSRO\RI:HVWHUQOHJDO¿UPVLQWKHUHJLRQDOOHJDOPDUNHW7KH UHJLRQDOL]DWLRQRI UHIRUPHIIRUWVDOVRFRQWULEXWHV WRPDNLQJ WKHQHZODZVPRUH DWWUDFWLYHE\SURYLGLQJDQLQWHJUDWHGOHJDOIUDPHZRUNWKH2+$'$LQLWLDWLYHDLPV DWIDFLOLWDWLQJWKHZRUNRI¿UPVLQWHUHVWHGLQRSHUDWLQJDWDUHJLRQDOUDWKHU WKDQ national level, thus making the whole region more attractive to foreign investors. $W WKH QRUPDWLYH OHYHO KDUPRQL]DWLRQ LV HIIHFWHG WKURXJK WKH DGRSWLRQ
RI 8QLIRUP$FWV 7KH 3HUPDQHQW 6HFUHWDU\ LV LQ FKDUJH RI SUHSDULQJ WKH QHZ OHJLVODWLRQ LQ FRQVXOWDWLRQZLWK WKHJRYHUQPHQWVRI WKHPHPEHU VWDWHV2QHRU PDQ\H[SHUWVDUH¿UVWFRPPLVVLRQHGWRSUHSDUHDGUDIWDFWZKLFKLVWKHQVXEPLWWHG for review and comment to each national government, generally acting through a ³QDWLRQDOFRPPLWWHH´7KHDGRSWLRQRIWKH¿QDOYHUVLRQRIWKH$FWLVWKHQPDGHE\ WKH&RXQFLORI0LQLVWHUVDQGUHTXLUHVWKHXQDQLPRXVDSSURYDORIWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RIWKHPHPEHUVWDWHVSUHVHQWDQGYRWLQJ7ZRWKLUGVRIWKHPHPEHUVWDWHVPXVW EHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHYRWLQJSURFHVV$IWHULWVDGRSWLRQDQ$FWEHFRPHVGLUHFWO\ DSSOLFDEOH LQHDFKPHPEHUVWDWHQRWZLWKVWDQGLQJDQ\FRQÀLFWZLWKSUHYLRXVRU VXEVHTXHQWHQDFWPHQWRIPXQLFLSDOODZV1RLPSOHPHQWLQJOHJLVODWLRQLVUHTXLUHG 7KHVFRSHRI WKH2+$'$UHIRUPH[WHQGVZHOOEH\RQGFRPPHUFLDO ODZper
se WR FRYHU WKH HQWLUH OHJDO IUDPHZRUN DSSO\LQJ WR HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV$UWLFOH RI WKH7UHDW\PHQWLRQV DV FRPLQJZLWKLQ WKH DPELW RI WKH2UJDQL]DWLRQ VXFK PDWWHUVDVFRPSDQ\ ODZ WKH OHJDOVWDWXVRIFRPPHUFLDORSHUDWRUV WKHUHFRYHU\ RIGHEWV VHFXULWLHV HQIRUFHPHQWPHDVXUHV LQVROYHQF\SURFHHGLQJV DUELWUDWLRQ HPSOR\PHQWDFFRXQWLQJODZVDOHVWUDQVSRUWDVZHOODVDQ\RWKHUVXEMHFWZKLFK WKH&RXQFLO RI0LQLVWHUVPD\GHFLGH WR LQFOXGH DV IDOOLQJZLWKLQ WKHGH¿QLWLRQ
RIEXVLQHVV ODZ(LJKW8QLIRUP$FWVKDYHEHHQ DGRSWHG VR IDUZLWK UHVSHFW WR JHQHUDOFRPPHUFLDOODZ$SULOFRPSDQ\ODZ$SULOFROODWHUDOODZ $SULOGHEWUHFRYHU\SURFHGXUHVDQGPHDVXUHVRIH[HFXWLRQ$SULO EDQNUXSWF\$SULODUELWUDWLRQ0DUFKDFFRXQWLQJ)HEUXDU\ DQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRIJRRGVE\ODQG0DUFKDQGFRRSHUDWLYHV'HFHPEHU 'UDIW 8QLIRUP $FWV RQ FRQWUDFW ODZ WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV FRQVXPHU SURWHFWLRQDQGHPSOR\PHQWODZKDYHEHHQSUHSDUHGEXWQRWDGRSWHG $W WKH MXGLFLDO OHYHO WKHPDLQ XQL¿FDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQ LV WKH&RPPRQ&RXUW
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¿UVWLQVWDQFHDQGRQRUGLQDU\DSSHDO:KHUH DFDVHUHDFKHVWKHKLJKHVWDSSHOODWHOHYHOWKHQDWLRQDO6XSUHPH&RXUWFRQFHUQHG PXVW GHFOLQH MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU WKH FDVH DQG VHQG WKHPDWWHU WR WKH&&-$7KH GHFLVLRQVRIWKH&&-$DUH¿QDODQGHQIRUFHDEOHLQFRQIRUPLW\ZLWKWKHUXOHVRI FLYLOSURFHGXUHDSSOLFDEOHWRQDWLRQDOMXGJPHQWVLQWKHVWDWHLQZKLFKHQIRUFHPHQW LVVRXJKW7KH&&-$DOVRVHUYHVDVDQDUELWUDWLRQFHQWHULWFDQQDPHDQGFRQ¿UP DUELWUDWRUV PRQLWRUV WKH SURJUHVV RI WKH DUELWUDWLRQ SURFHHGLQJV DQG H[DPLQH DUELWUDWLRQDZDUGVEHIRUHWKH\DUHVLJQHG 7KH GHFLVLRQ WR ORFDWH WKH &&-$ LQ$ELGMDQ KDV EHHQ WKH VXEMHFW RI VRPH
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¶'R\HFRQFOXGHGRQDFULWLFDOQRWH VWDWLQJ WKDW WKH JRDORI$IULFDQLQWHJUDWLRQVKRXOGQRWWDNHSUHFHGHQFHRYHUSHRSOH¶VOHJDOVHFXULW\ RIWKHSHRSOHDQGWDNHWKHEUHDGRXWRIODZ\HUV¶PRXWKV1¶'R\H7KH CCJA statistics suggest that these concerns are not without foundation: more than KDOIRIWKHDSSHDOVLQLWLDWHGVLQFHFRPHIURP&{WHG¶,YRLUH'DOPHLGD 0HOH,WPXVWEHQRWHGKRZHYHUWKDWWKHQXPEHURIGHFLVLRQVUHQGHUHG E\WKH&&-$LVIDLUO\VPDOOZLWKDERXWWRMXGJPHQWVGHOLYHUHGVLQFH %HDXFKDUGDQG.RNR
An African Reform?
