This chapter gives an overview of US civil-military roles as they changed from separate assignments for civilian workers and military advisors after World War II to the merging of civil-military programs. The 1967 Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS) attempt to win "hearts and minds" in Vietnam. The chapter discusses how contentious this change was for US civilians implementing these programs and concludes with key lessons from Vietnam that continue to be relevant. American interpretation and use of the words "pacification and counterinsurgency" described a wide range of operations carried out by the US and Vietnamese. The primary goal for 1967 province teams was to implement a counterinsurgency program for rural Vietnam. The final restructuring of civil-military roles began with the 1968 announcement that US combat forces were to be gradually withdrawn from Vietnam. US experience in Vietnam marked an equally important and contested turning point for civilian and military roles.