ABSTRACT
This chapter looks in more concrete fashion at changes in the criminal justice system and in probation in particular, including existing evidence about their impact upon the attitudes, beliefs and values of practitioners. It considers that of managerialism, which is seen as having transformed the governance of criminal justice, along with other areas of the public sector and fundamentally changed the relationship between central and more local forms of government and administration. Modernity is regarded in criminal justice terms at least as that period in the history of western societies that began with the end of the middle Ages and which began to draw to a close at the end of the 20th century. It is closely associated with intellectual developments in the arts, philosophy and sciences that emerged generally within the early 18th century and which are identified as constituting the Enlightenment.
