Conflict and diplomacy between Rome and Persia from Ardashir to Philip I

This chapter begins by analysing internal factors in Persia and Rome that affected the relationship between the two powers from the 220s to the 240s. Sasanian economic development and military reforms together with the developing role of “state religion” are discussed as part of demonstrating the relative strength the early Sasanians enjoyed in contrast to the growing difficulties that Rome began to confront during this period. The chapter then investigates early Sasanian imperial expansionism and Roman responses to it culminating in Gordian III’s Persian campaign in 243/4 and the humiliating agreement struck between Philip I and Shapur in the wake of Gordian’s death.