ABSTRACT
Internal factors in both the Roman and Persian Empires are analysed at the beginning of this chapter as part of developing the broader context of the wars of the 250s. This analysis includes factors of an economic and political nature while also extending to the impact of disease. Some discussion is also offered regarding the role of religion in the invasions of Shapur I. Before considering some important details associated with conflict and competition between Rome and Persia, analysis of the historiography and sources for Shapur I’s campaigns against the Romans is undertaken. While Shapur’s invasions were immensely successful, there is some evidence for setbacks during the campaigns and evidence for this is analysed as well. Longer term economic ramifications, including the significance of Shapur’s taking thousands of captives from the cities of the Roman eastern provinces, form part of the analysis in this chapter.
