European Union competition law: the old regime relating to shipping – Regulation 4056/86

11.001 For more than two decades, Council Regulation 4056/86 of 22 December 1986 was the centrepiece of the EU’s competition regime relating to liner conferences. ¹ The regulation had two striking features. First, it laid down detailed rules for the application ² of what are now Articles 101 ³ and 102 ⁴ of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (“TFEU”) to some forms of international maritime transport. Second, and more substantially, it contained a block exemption for liner conferences from the effects of, 672what is now, Article 101(1) of the TFEU ⁵ and, in particular, it exempted price-fixing in certain circumstances despite price-fixing being usually the most serious breach of competition law. It is therefore important to see Regulation 4056/86 as not just the “liner conference block exemption” but also the procedural regulation which enabled the European Union’s (“EU”) competition rules to be applied to certain aspects of the shipping sector until the repeal of the regulation with effect from 18 October 2008. ⁶ Some provisions of Regulation 4056/86 (such as those which provided that Article 101(1) did not apply to particular types of arrangement) could still be relevant today as a source of inspiration (though not legislation) even though the regulation itself has been repealed. By virtue of Regulation 4056/86, maritime transport was therefore insulated, in part, from the full effects of EU competition law.