ABSTRACT
An ever-clearer picture emerged of how Anglo-German relations function during dark days ahead in late 1581. Episodes testify previous years of splintering and future of collaboration: King Frederik's installation into the Order of the Garter; the Reichstag at Augsburg; and conversion to Protestantism by Gebhard Truchsess, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne. In February and March of 1589, the Bishop of Liège was invested as Archbishop-Elector and recognized by the Cathedral Chapter in Cologne, while Gebhard Truchsess was divested of clerical offices and excommunicated by Pope Gregory XIII. In France, Henri of Navarre saw in Truchsess's struggle an opportunity to unite the Protestant International as Elizabeth had attempted before, and in winter 1583-4 a new overture for the cause came from Navarre's ambassador, Jacques de Ségur-Pardaillan. Just as the Cologne War of 1583 is contextualized by the Reichstag before it, the embassies of Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby and Horatio Palavicino were subsequent developments building upon the relative successes of Ségur and Thomas Bodley.
