ABSTRACT
Moreover, the top CIA cyberspecialist Tom Donahue shocked international security experts from governments and electric, water, oil, and gas companies with the disclosure that unknown attackers had hacked the computer systems of utility companies in several regions outside the United States and in at least one case have caused power outage that affected several cities. “We do not know who executed these attacks or why, but all involved intrusions through the Internet,” he said.3 Even more disconcerting were revelations that hackers had intruded the U.S. Air Force’s air traffic control system and managed to embed software in the nation’s critical power grid and the telecommunication and financial services computer systems. While no damage was detected, the hackers may have planned to utilize their access at a later date, perhaps during a crisis-including a terrorist attack.
