ABSTRACT
The existence of that which (wujūd-i wai) is contingent in itself is necessitated and can be realized (ḥāṣil) by something other than itself. The meaning of ‘the existence of something is realized due to the existence of another thing’ can have two senses. Either something can bring (wujūd āwarad) something else into existence, as someone who builds a house, or the existence of something can be realized through another thing, as when the being of the patient (i.e. the thing made) subsists because of the being of the agent (hastīyash ), as the illumination from the sun subsists (īstād) in the earth.
