ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses environments where nature is least present and children can find connecting with nature most problematic because of a lack of nature or because of societal challenges. It explores environments where the built form creates conditions that are currently antagonistic to wildlife or where the green space present under-provides for biodiversity; inner cities, very high-density urban residential areas, high-rise tower blocks, roads and commercially dominated environments and, in some cases, school environments. The chapter discusses the issue with reference to children living in challenging environments, which may be inner-city, high-density but may also be deprived estates on the edge of cities. It provides hope and evidence of what can be done. The chapter focuses on spaces that can make a notable difference for children in high-density or deprived living environments. For children, social factors need to be considered in any greening provision, especially for children living in environmentally and socially challenging environments.
