ABSTRACT
Carl von Clausewitz, the famous military philosopher, never put much stock in denial and deception. Denial refers to practices intended to prevent accurate inform ation from reaching the opponent, thereby creating the basis for deception, which involves deliberate activities intended to provide the opponent with misleading information so that the opponent perceives reality according to the deceiver’s intentions. For Clausewitz, the attempt to deceive opponents was costly, diverting resources crucial for the main military attack, and was usually not worth the effort.1
