ABSTRACT
Despite the argument that state supremacy over various other types of political commu-
nities (cities, regions and global) might be waning, states still remain the primary arbiters
of political, social and civic rights, that is, of the constitutive elements of citizenship (Mar-
shall, 1950). Citizenship as the broader category of rights attempts to provide formal
equality between members of a polity. Recent waves of voluntary and forced migration
have also been marked by increased toleration of dual citizenship and conferring kin-
state citizenship en masse. In the European context, we are witnessing the emergence of
multi-level political structures and citizenship resulting from the European integration
processes, contributing to the increase in a number of political communities in which indi-
vidual citizens have a stake. These developments have in turn redefined citizenship and
given rise to multiple forms of citizenship constellations (Baubo¨ck, 2010); horizontal in
which, for example, an individual is citizen of two states simultaneously and vertical,
nested type of constellations, where a person is a member of a sub-state, state and
supra-state polities.
