ABSTRACT
After focusing solely on psychological interventions, this chapter will explore biological approaches to treat and manage depression. As might be expected, a large part of this chapter will be set aside to look at the various available antidepressant medications. However, we will also explore more extreme forms of treatment, such as electroconvulsive therapy and surgery. Before we do that, let us consider the rise of antidepressants from their early days in the middle of the twentieth century to their relative all-pervasive status today in the second decade of the twenty-first century.
