ABSTRACT
Provides background for understanding how quantitative data are summarized and described in research studies. Also lays a conceptual foundation for understanding the relationship between the type of measurement scale one employs and the kinds of analysis that are suitable. Topics include a detailed discussion of measurement scales and measures of central tendency and dispersion, ways to present frequency data, the features of the normal distribution and Standard Normal Distribution and how to use a Q-Q plot to verify whether data follow a normal distribution, and estimating effect size using Cohen’s d, and interpreting the practical importance of group differences.
