Over the past fifty years there have been huge changes in both information and telecommunication technology. With each major change, social scientists, management scholars, and public administration researchers have made a number of bold predictions about how each new technology would lead to sweeping changes in public organizations’ structures and processes. Despite these claims, many of these predictions today remain unrealized. For example, in the 1950s many scholars suggested that new information technology (IT) would flatten organizational hierarchies and dramatically eliminate middle management (Leavitt and Whisler 1958). More than fifty years later, while we do see more diverse organizational structures, large hierarchical structures still persist and to some extent dominate, generally and particularly so in government.