The year was 1848, a time of rebellion and mass protest in continentalEurope. It was the year Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote their revolutionary tract, The Communist Manifesto. A specter was indeed haunting Europe-not just communism, but a whole string of ismsFourierism, Owenism, Saint-Simonism, and transcendentalism. They all fell under the new expression “socialism.” There was utopian socialism, revolutionary socialism, and national socialism. They all grew out of a reaction to the rapid transformation from a rural economy to an industrialized world.